In 18 she developed a friendship with American sculptor Cyrus Dallin who was studying in Paris. īonheur exhibited her work at the Palace of Fine Arts and The Woman's Building at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago, Illinois. These pieces depicted a way of life in the Scottish highlands that had disappeared a century earlier, and they had enormous appeal to Victorian sensibilities. In Scotland, she completed sketches for later works including Highland Shepherd, completed in 1859, and The Highland Raid, completed in 1860. This work led to international fame and recognition that same year she traveled to Scotland and met Queen Victoria, who admired Bonheur's work. There is a reduced version in the National Gallery in London. It depicts the horse market held in Paris, on the tree-lined boulevard de l'Hôpital, near the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, which is visible in the painting's background. Her most famous work, the monumental The Horse Fair, was completed in 1855 and measured eight by sixteen feet (2.4 by 4.9 m). Early success Ploughing in the Nivernais, Musée d'OrsayĪ French government commission led to Bonheur's first great success, Ploughing in the Nivernais, exhibited in 1849 and now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris. During this period, she befriended the father-and-son comparative anatomists and zoologists, Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire and Isidore Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire. There she prepared detailed studies that she later used as references for her paintings and sculptures. She studied animal anatomy and osteology in the abattoirs of Paris and dissected animals at the École nationale vétérinaire d'Alfort, the National Veterinary Institute in Paris. Among her favorite painters were Nicolas Poussin and Peter Paul Rubens, though she also copied the paintings of Paulus Potter, Frans Pourbus the Younger, Louis Léopold Robert, Salvatore Rosa and Karel Dujardin.
At fourteen, she began to copy paintings at the Louvre.
As her training progressed, she made studies of domesticated animals, including horses, sheep, cows, goats, rabbits and other animals in the pastures around the perimeter of Paris, the open fields of Villiers near Levallois-Perret, and the still-wild Bois de Boulogne. The Horse Fair (1852–55 Metropolitan Museum of Art)įollowing the traditional art school curriculum of the period, Bonheur began her training by copying images from drawing books and by sketching plaster models.
Her father allowed her to pursue her interest in painting animals by bringing live animals to the family's studio for studying. After a failed apprenticeship with a seamstress at the age of twelve, her father undertook her training as a painter. Īt school she was often disruptive, and was expelled numerous times. The artist credited her love of drawing animals to these reading lessons with her mother. Her mother taught her to read and write by asking her to choose and draw a different animal for each letter of the alphabet. By family accounts, she had been an unruly child and had a difficult time learning to read, though she would sketch for hours at a time with pencil and paper before she learned to talk. īonheur moved to Paris in 1828 at the age of six with her mother and siblings, after her father had gone ahead of them to establish a residence and income there. Francis Galton used the Bonheurs as an example of the eponymous "Hereditary Genius" in his 1869 essay. Bonheur's siblings included the animal painters Auguste Bonheur and Juliette Bonheur, as well as the animal sculptor Isidore Jules Bonheur. Though of Jewish origin, the Bonheur family adhered to Saint-Simonianism, a Christian- socialist sect that promoted the education of women alongside men. Her father was Oscar-Raymond Bonheur, a landscape and portrait painter who encouraged his daughter's artistic talents. Her mother was Sophie Bonheur (née Marquis), a piano teacher she died when Rosa was eleven. Early development and artistic training īonheur was born on 16 March 1822 in Bordeaux, Gironde, the oldest child in a family of artists. However others remark that nothing supports this claim. It has been claimed that Bonheur was openly lesbian, as she lived with her partner Nathalie Micas for over 40 years until Micas's death, after which she lived with American painter Anna Elizabeth Klumpke. Bonheur was widely considered to be the most famous female painter of the nineteenth century. Her paintings include Ploughing in the Nivernais, first exhibited at the Paris Salon of 1848, and now in the Musée d'Orsay in Paris, and The Horse Fair (in French: Le marché aux chevaux), which was exhibited at the Salon of 1853 (finished in 1855) and is now in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. She also made sculptures in a realist style. Rosa Bonheur (born Marie-Rosalie Bonheur 16 March 1822 – ) was a French artist known best as a painter of animals ( animalière).
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